Characteristics of Juvenile offenders Research Paper

Attributes of Juvenile guilty parties - Research Paper Example This age is liable to state laws whereby various nations or states have this age set between 17 to 18 years on general footing. In any case, in instances of genuine wrongdoing for example murder or instances of rape, the age section may expect a lower age constraining bar. The fundamental point of taking an adolescent in court isn't to ingrain discipline on the guilty party but instead to set up measures that target restoring them for them to return to the general public and be profitable. The demonstration offense being referred to is typically named as reprobate as opposed to criminal (Aaron, 2000). In extraordinary cases a few states have been compelled to set up adolescent jail offices because of the idea of the offense submitted regardless of the offender’s age. These youngsters can be recognized by their different qualities some of which are evident while others are most certainly not. The significant reasons for the regularly rising instances of adolescent guilty partie s are their consistently expanding propensities for being insubordinate, broad communications and the high paces of separation. Adolescent guilty parties will in general show reserved conduct which is combined with estrangement. This is the place the adolescent takes part in practices that are not in accordance with social ethics just as measures. The greater part of these practices lead to blanch of harmony in the group of the guilty parties just as the network in which they live. Delinquents ordinarily end up associated with drugs which increment their odds of submitting offenses to others in the general public. Weapon ownership is another regular guilty pleasure they wind up in. A large number of these youngsters stay in neighborhoods that are confined and least watched by law implementation specialists and consequently they may whenever have an illicit gun. This thusly builds the degree of instability in these regions (Balnave, et al. 2003). Such people group experience high homicide and crime percentages due to having

Work Definition in Chemistry

Work Definition in Chemistry The word work implies various things in various settings. In science, it is a thermodynamic concept. The SI unit for work is theâ joule. Physicists and scientific experts, specifically, see work according to vitality: Work Definition Work is the vitality required to move an item against a power. Truth be told, one meaning of vitality is the ability to accomplish work. There are a wide range of sorts of work. Models include: Electrical workWork against gravityWork against an attractive fieldMechanical work Key Takeaways: Work Definition in Science In physical science, for example, material science and science, work is power duplicated by distance.Work happens if there is development toward the force.The SI unit of work is the joule (J). This is the work consumed by a power of one newton (N) over a dislodging of one meter (m). Mechanical Work Mechanical work is the kind of work most generally managed in material science and science. It incorporates work moving against gravity (e.g., up a lift) or any contradicting power. Work is equivalent to the power times the separation the item moves: w F*d where w is work, F is the restricting power, and d is the separation This condition may likewise be composed as: w m*a*d where an is the speeding up PV Work Another basic sort of work is pressure-volume work. This is work done by frictionless cylinders and perfect gases. The condition to figure the extension or pressure of a gas is: w - PÎV where w is work, P is weight, and ÎV is the adjustment in volume Sign Convention for Work Note that conditions for work utilize the accompanying sign show: Work performed by the framework on the environmental factors has a negative sign.Heat stream from the framework into the environmental factors has a negative sign.

10 B2B Strategies To Win With Pinterest

10 B2B Strategies To Win With Pinterest Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!10 B2B Strategies To Win With PinterestUpdated On 20/02/2016Author : Hannah CrossfieldTopic : Featured PinterestShort URL : http://hbb.me/1gGgxiP CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogPinterest is probably the hottest social network for all things visual. The successful social photo sharing site is not just a time waster but a great tool for researching, bookmarking, brainstorming, collaborating, sharing, promoting and networking â€" all through vibrant, eye-catching images. Pinterest has been heavily used by businesses selling makeup, fabrics, fashion items as well as other products and services that can be promoted via great visuals. But when it comes to b2b marketing the full potential of Pinterest as a powerful online strategy tool has been somewhat overlooked. So here are 10 B2B Pinterest tricks you didn’t know:1. Pinterest Boards : Since Pinterest boasts a constant ly growing user base and surprising referral traffic numbers it should be used in b2b marketing â€" and it can be used, even if your business is seemingly far away from vibrant colours and expressive imagery.   What you have to do is find visuals where there aren’t any: create Pinterest boards of your staff members, prim in their uniforms and suits, then mix it up with off-duty Pinterest boards of party goer shots taken at your last corporate hang-out. Great visuals, great sense of business culture â€" more traffic to your corporate site!2. Infographics : You should use Infographics to showcase important data â€" it looks really good on Pinterest, portraying you as a serious expert in your field.3. Use Your Blog : If you haven’t got a blog yet start it now, and don’t forget to include show-stopping images that you can always pin later. If you are lucky, your blog pins (together with the links you paste into descriptions) can go viral and your hard work and consistency will pay off.4. Excel Charts : If you have any data that you can put into Excel charts, it’s wise to make use of those on Pinterest. If you think about it long enough, any information can be made visual â€" just take the creative approach this time and really let loose.5. Pinning : Pinning mottos, inspirational quotations and motivational words of wisdom can be a great way to promote your business on Pinterest. You can take pictures of plaques you have in the office or find inspiration online; as long as it’s visual, intelligent, catchy and refers back to your business, it will do a lot of good.READ5 Unconventional Ways To Monetize Your Blog6. Inspiration : You know how editors of fashion magazines get their inspiration from films, music, unusual colour combinations, street signs and even garbage bags? They put all these inspirational images onto ‘mood boards’ which later help them shape upcoming magazine issues. Who said that as an executive of a serious business company you can’ t be inspired by cool images of the most unexpected objects? Use those ‘mood boards’ to show your Pinterest followers that even hard core professionals have a creative streak.7. Corporate Humour : If you love corporate humour, you can share funny images or quotes with your Pinterest contacts. It may show a more vulnerable side of you, and users can relate to you more on a personal level.8. Pin Book Covers : To show your expertise in what you do, you can pin book covers or images from outstanding articles related to your industry. Definitely create pin boards of any books or white papers you or your staff members have created â€" it builds consumer confidence and shows you are passionate about your business.9. Customer Boards : You can also create Pinterest boards of your customers using your products or services. The happy faces of satisfied clients can serve as testimony to the way you do your job and attract even more customers.10. Link, Link and Link : Never leave a pin witho ut a description that includes a link to your landing page or a solid call-to-action to hook customers. You never know which pin goes ballistic, so take your chance to write catchy descriptions, leaving customers wanting more every time, and link, link, link.Creating Pinterest boards that are the best in your niche market, even if your business doesn’t naturally seem to be visual-driven, can be a great b2b online tool. Being consistent and working hard on Pinterest by liking and commenting on related accounts, promoting relevant content of partners, and linking your Pinterest account with other social networks can be a great b2b strategy in the fast changing media world.This article is written by Hannah Crossfield. She works for B2B marketing are a leading provider in marketing collateral and have a buzzing on-line community.

Cold War Influence in Latin America - 1616 Words

Cold War Influence in Latin America The United States and the Soviet Union competed against each other during the Cold War in the second half of the 20th Century like a chess game, with the world as their chessboard and countries as pawns in their game. For the Russians, a critical part of the chessboard was Cuba and Latin America. The Russians believed that if they could align themselves with countries in the western hemisphere, America’s â€Å"backyard†, it would help the Soviet Union counter the strong political influence and military presence America had in Europe, which made the Russians feel threatened. The Soviet Union tried to align itself politically, militarily, and economically with as many Latin American countries as it could. In†¦show more content†¦not supported the overthrow of Arbenz, civil unrest in Guatemala may not have occurred, and Guatemala might have been able to avoid its terrible 30-year long civil war. Cuba is the country best known for being at the center of the Cold Wa r conflict between the U.S. and Russia because of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Soviet Union’s strategy, and the anticipated U.S. response to the Russian strategy, is described in an October 19, 1962 telegram from Andrei Gromyko, Russia’s Foreign Minister, to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [Virtual Archive]. The Central Committee was the highest organization within communist Russia. Gromyko seems to have written the telegram to inform the Central Committee that the Russian strategy in aligning itself with Cuba seemed to be working. In the telegram Gromyko expressed his belief that â€Å"a USA military adventure against Cuba is almost impossible to imagine† because of â€Å"assurances given to us that the USA has no plans for in Cuba (which undeniably commits them in many respects)† (Gromyko). Instead, Gromyko believed that the U.S. efforts would be to try weakening Cuba by obstructing its economy, thinking that over the l ong term Russia would not be able to continue supporting Cuba with foreign aid in order to offset U.S. economic sanctions against Cuba (Gromyko). Gromyko’s telegram accurately describes U.S. policy regarding Cuba around the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis in October of 1962.Show MoreRelatedCommunism And The Cold War Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pagesideals of the U.S. since before World War I, throughout the Cold War and is still until this day. When one thinks about communism, you conjure up images of the Red Scare that the Soviet Union induced and of other dictatorships throughout the western hemisphere and one might overlook the Marxist ideals that were being spread throughout our neighboring countries. These western countries were allies that the U.S. could not afford to lose during the Cold War. Latin America, which has many ties to the U.S.Read MoreThe Impact of the Cold War on Developing Nations Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesThird world countries became the perfect ba ttleground for cold war proxy battles during the early 1940’s to late 1990’s. United States wanted to flex its political muscle and try to curtail the spread of Soviet Communism in the developing nations. Most of the nations in developed world had already made their political and socio-economic stand regarding the form of governance and leadership pursued. Underdeveloped nations in Asia, Latin America and Africa were still vulnerable and easily influencedRead MoreThe Political Affairs Of Latin America925 Words   |  4 PagesThe United-States has always had a major impacting role in the political affairs of Latin America. Since the dawn of the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, the U.S. has taken a firm and direct stance when dealing with the continent to ensure that its [United States] interests are always upheld. This being said, the U.S. uses formal and informal manipulation and intervention to ensure that Latin American governments are compatible with U.S. interests. This dates back, as previously said, to the time of theRead MoreStrategic Importance Of Latin America In Cold War And Beyond.1572 Words   |  7 Pages Strategic Importance of Latin America in Cold War and Beyond Background and Introduction The 20th century appears to be most destructive and productive in the history. From revolutions to wars, from colonization’s to independent states, from industrial revolution to Information technology revelation. This century had a lot to offer for historians. This century started with the different revolutions in countries to over throw monarch system, including China, turkey, Russia, and in England which colonizeRead MoreAnalysis Of Belgrade And Cairo : Latin America And The Non Aligned Movement1651 Words   |  7 Pages Belgrade and Cairo: Latin America and the Non-Aligned Movement The Belgrade Conference of 1961 was the first meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement. It brought together 28 countries from four continents, of which 25 were full members, and 3 were observers. In her speech at the opening of the conference, Mrs. Bandaranaike of Ceylon stated that the countries present were â€Å"in Belgrade because it is our firm conviction that the non-aligned nations have a positive contribution to make in the cause ofRead MoreFrom The Dropping Of The Atomic Bombs On Japan In 19451498 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan in 1945 to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the United States of America has pursued a foreign policy of containment to curb the spread of Soviet communism throughout the world. The U.S. spent billions of dollars during the Cold War period on foreign policies of containment, but is criticized that these strategies were ineffective in containing the spread of communism. In 1946, The Long Telegram, put forth by th e father of the containment theoryRead MoreAmerican Intervention, Chile, And Augusto Pinochet1529 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Intervention, Chile, Augusto Pinochet After World War II, the United States emerged as a world power. However, with this new power and hegemony status, came the threat of being overtaken and being replaced as the dominant nation. One threat that the United States faced was the rise of Communism. The US feared the spread of Communism in other nations, even in Latin America. One country where the US intervened to stop the spread of Communism is Chile. In 1970, Salvador Allende, a MarxistRead MoreFour approaches to the political economy development of Latin America1734 Words   |  7 PagesThe study of development in Latin America has been approached from a variety of academic disciplines. International Political Economy scholars have provided a number of different approaches for studying, analyzing and understanding the political and institutional constrains that have shaped the development of Latin American countries. They have also incorporated into the analysis variables such as the influence of international organiza tions and the economic and class history, and its relation withRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union862 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War period represented a breaking point for real and potential threats against the US hegemony in Latin America. The US and the Soviet Union had a power struggle for almost all the last half of the twentieth century, and even if the political and military tension was between those two blocks, the poor relationship’s collateral damage reached the rest of countries in the American continent with the anti-communism US foreign policy. From Eisenhower to Reagan, US administrations aimed to maintainRead MoreThe Positive Impacts of Events During the 18th Century747 Words   |  3 Pages In the 18th century a lot happen but major socialist movements such as equal rights for African Americans, womens rights and emancipation, focus on the environment and focus of new culture all began to create positive impact’s for social America at the time. Underdeveloped societies lack modern technology needed to advance further in the future. For example where would we be today without a computer to use everyday, probably still handwriting in cursive our papers and notes for school and work

Greek Goddess Athena, Minerva, Goddess of Wisdom

She sums up many of the Greeks gifts to Western culture, from philosophy to olive oil to the Parthenon. Athena, daughter of Zeus, joined the Olympians in a dramatic way and figured in many founding myths, including taking an active part in the Trojan War. She was the patron of the city of Athens; its iconic Parthenon was her shrine. And as the goddess of wisdom, the strategy of war, and the arts and crafts (agriculture, navigation, spinning, weaving, and needlework), she was one of the most important gods to the ancient Greeks. The Birth of Athena Athena is said to have emerged fully formed from the head of Zeus, but there is a backstory. One of Zeus many loves was an Oceanid named Metis. When she became pregnant, the King of Gods remembered the danger he posed to his own father, Cronos, and in turn, how Cronos dealt with his father Ouranos. Wary of continuing the cycle of patricide, Zeus swallowed his lover. But Metis, in the darkness of Zeus interior, continued to carry her child. After some time, the King of Gods came down with a royal headache. Calling upon the blacksmith god Hephaestus (some myths  say it was Prometheus), Zeus asked that his head be split open, whereupon sprang gray-eyed Athena in her glory. Myths About Athena Befitting the patron of one of Hellas greatest city-states, Greek goddess Athena appears in many classic myths. Some of the most famous ones include: Athena and Arachne: Here, the Goddess of the Loom takes a skilled but boastful human down a peg, and by transforming Arachne into tiny, eight-legged weaver, invents the spider. The Gorgon Medusa: Another tale of Athenas vengeful side, the fate of Medusa was sealed when this beautiful priestess of Athena was wooed by Poseidon in the goddess own shrine. Snakes for hair and a petrifying gaze ensued. The Contest for Athens: Once again pitting the grey-eyed goddess against her uncle Poseidon, the contest for the patronage of Athens was decided for the god who bestowed the best gift to the city. Poseidon brought forth a magnificent (salt water) spring, but wise Athena gifted an olive tree—a source of fruit, oil, and wood. She won. The Judgement of Paris: In the unenviable position of judging a beauty contest between Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite, the Trojan Paris put his money on the one Romans would call Venus. His prize: Helen of Troy, nà ©e Helen of Sparta, and the enmity of Athena, who would tirelessly back the Greeks in the Trojan War. Athena Fact File Occupation: Goddess of Wisdom, Warcraft, Weaving, and Crafts Other Names: Pallas Athena, Athena Parthenos, and the Romans called her Minerva Attributes: Aegis—a cloak with the head of Medusa upon it, spear, pomegranate, owl, helmet. Athena is described as gray-eyed (glaukos). Powers of Athena: Athena is the goddess of wisdom and crafts. She is the patron of Athens. Sources: Ancient sources for Athena include: Aeschylus, Apollodorus, Callimachus, Diodorus Siculus, Euripides, Hesiod, Homer, Nonnius, Pausanias, Sophocles and Strabo. A Son for a Virgin Goddess: Athena is a virgin goddess, but she has a son. Athena is credited with being part-mother of Erichthonius, a half-snake half-man creature, through an attempted rape by Hephaestus, whose seed spilled on her leg. When Athena wiped it off, it fell to earth (Gaia) who became the other part-mother. The Parthenon: The people of Athens built a great temple for Athena on the acropolis, or high point, of the city. The temple is known as the Parthenon. In it was a colossal gold and ivory statue of the goddess. During the annual Panathenaia festival, a procession was made to the statue and she was clothed in a new outfit. More: Since Athena was born without a mother -- sprung from her fathers head -- in an important murder trial, she decided that the role of the mother was less essential in creation than the role of the father. Specifically, she sided with the matricide Orestes, who had killed his mother Clytemnestra after she had killed her husband and his father Agamemnon.

Network Security Is Important For Protecting Your Computer

Network Security EET 5720 Daljot Rai Have you ever surfed the web and received a popup alerting you a threat is detected? If so, you are not alone. This is a very common issue web browsers and organizations face. In order to resolve or prevent such issues, it is key to learn about the security of your network. Network security is the protection of networks that help secure files and directories of a computer. It helps protect the user from hackers, virus attacks, misuse and prevents unauthorized access. The importance of learning and becoming aware of network security is important for protecting yourself and others around you. I will be discussing the common type of attacks, methods to protect your computer from harm and discuss what the future may hold for network security. There are many attacks that can be associated with network security, eavesdropping, viruses/malware and Trojans, phishing, IP spoofing attack and lastly denial of service. Eavesdropping, has two subcategories passive and active. Passive eavesdropping refers to someone listening to a phone call, or reading a chat email (Daya, Bhavya). Active eavesdropping refers to the hacker physically going in and distressing the conversation (Daya, Bhavya). This type of attack allows the hacker to steal confidential information. In this circumstance, it is important to have some sort of network security because having someone listening in on a personal conversation can be detrimental. This can be solvedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Network Security1610 Words   |  7 PagesNetwork Security 1. What is network security? Network security has changed significantly over the past years. There is more and more data to monitor and analyze in order to detect the activity of your data and systems. Securing a network has many variables. Password authentication, network access, patches, anti-virus protection, intrusion detection, firewall and network monitoring tools are just a few of the things you can do to protect yourself. Threats to your network is becomingRead MoreMobile Device Security And Other Threats1304 Words   |  6 PagesMobile Device Security and Other Threats Darryl Gennie Dr. Bouaffo Kouame Augusta CIS 502 28 February 2016 Strayer University â€Æ' Security threats have not only grown and matured quickly, but the people behind these threats have become more creative in disguising and hiding their work. These criminals have become more adept at eluding their identification and are now relying on cryptography. Some of the more frequent used threats were listed in the Security Threat Report 2014 such asRead MoreThe Importance Of Ensuring Data Security Accountability Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s advanced world of technology, valuable information holds the same amount of worth that of new world currency. Since information is highly important, it is crucial that it remains secured. This is ultimately covered by data security and privacy. Online data is a hacker’s dream, as it holds the ultimate value of materials for these cybercriminals. For example, on a broader scale, banking information can be worth over a thousand dollars depending on the account balance. If cybercriminalsRead MoreSafeguarding Electronic Information Security Policies1172 Words   |  5 Pageswith information security policies is necessary. Information security can be defined as the protection of information and information systems against unauthorized access of information and against the denial of service to authorized users. Information security includes those measures necessary to detect, document, and counter these threats. Information security is consists of computer security and communications security. This paper will discuss how organizations need to use security policies and practicesRead MoreInformation Security And Network Security994 Words   |  4 PagesIn information security, computer security and network security an Asset is any data, device, or other component of the environment that supports information-related activities. Assets generally include hardware (servers and switches), software (e.g. mission critical applications and support systems) and confidential information. Assets s hould be protected from illicit access, use, disclosure, alteration, destruction, and/or theft, resulting in loss to the organization. Security assets are quiteRead Morecgmt 400 week 3 individual securing and protecting information1490 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Securing and Protecting Information Michael Anthony Horton University of Phoenix August 18, 2014 Instructor: Dr. Stephen Jones Securing and Protecting Information The specific purpose of this paper is to describe the authentication process and to describe how this and other information security considerations will affect the design and development process for new information systems. The authentication process is a necessity forRead MoreWhat Are the Security Problems and Solutions of the Internet?1490 Words   |  6 Pagesallow us learn more than what we get from text book, and a lot more. As Internet plays more important role in our daily life comparing to its initiation, some keen groups are ringing our bell, hackers, and theft of data, crackers. These people are all associated with a term  ¡Ã‚ §security ¡Ã‚ ¨. It is not difficult for general publics to point out two of the security issues, security of online transaction and security of message transmission respectively. In fact, system hacking is more fatal. Most of experiencedRead MoreNetwork Security For Organizations And Organizations1669 Words   |  7 PagesNETWORK SECURITY FOR ORGANIZATIONS Divya Bhimineni, Bhimi1d@cmich.edu BIS 625 Research in Information Systems College of Business Administration, Department of Business Information Systems Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant, MI 48858, USA. Introduction Network Security is an approach and plan for establishing the security for organizations like universities, industries. IT Security Policy is the basis archive for Network Security. Security is a control for protecting networks and systemsRead MoreWhat Can You Protect Your Dream?1086 Words   |  5 Pagesto Protect Your Dream Whether it s a book, a business, an idea or a vision, it’s your dream and it s important to protect it. Often when we think of protecting our dreams, we think of getting our copyright, locking in our domain, getting our patents and our trademarks and while the copyright will protect your book, and the trademark will protect your brand, how will you protect your dream before the copyrights, patents and trademarks are established? Cyber security and data security are scaryRead More What are the security problems and solutions of the Internet?1390 Words   |  6 Pagesallow us learn more than what we get from text book, and a lot more. As Internet plays more important role in our daily life comparing to its initiation, some keen groups are ringing our bell, hackers, and theft of data, crackers. These people are all associated with a term  ¡Ã‚ §security ¡Ã‚ ¨. It is not difficult for general publics to point out two of the security issues, security of online transaction and security of message transmission respectively. In fact, system hacking is more fatal. Most of experienced

Tools and Techniques of Systems Thinking-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Define Systems thinking and Classify the tools and techniques related Systems thinking. Answer: Systems thinking refers to understanding a system by scrutinizing the linkages and interactions between the various components that form a major part of the system. Systems thinking is concerned with making authentic inferences about systems by developing a deep understanding of the underlying structure (Haines 2016). The oil and gas industry are one of the most complicated businesses as the outputs of such businesses affect the entire world. The oil and gas companies are required to keep themselves updated in terms of technology and make critical adjustments from time to time, which makes decision-making difficult. Therefore, the systems thinking offers a structured process for decision-making that deals with changes and the adaptations (Kunze, Wulfhorst and Minner 2016). Systems thinking is one of the way in which the problems are approached that considers the various elements in a system that influence each other. System thinking involves knowing the root cause of a problem and understanding the relationship between the various causes. One of the systems thinking model that is useful in understanding the issues is iceberg model. The iceberg model defines various levels of thinking that includes event level, pattern level, structure level and the mental model level (Girault and Valk 2013). The event level is the level where the problem arises. The model states that it is not necessary that all the problems can be solved at the event level. The pattern level analyses the current problem on the basis of any similar kind of problems that had occurred in the past. Observing the patterns assist in forecasting and understanding the problems. The structure level emphasizes on the cause of the issue. The structure level includes the physical things, organiza tions, policies and rituals that become the cause of a problem. The mental model comprises of the beliefs, attitudes, values and expectations that assist in the functioning of the structures. Systems engineering is the approach that enables the complete system life cycle that includes formulation of problems, development of solution and sustainable use of the operations (Adams et al. 2014). The Systems Engineering Body of knowledge (SEBoK) provides knowledge sources and references of the organized systems engineering. Systems engineering includes the fundamentals and models of foundational system sciences. The systems engineering is applied with the help of the application of various systems engineering processes (Garvey, Book and Covert 2016). It is applied within a managed lyfe cycle working with engineering, management and specialist disciplines. It can also be applied to enterprise systems and service systems. SEBoK is often compared to Wikipedia but it is built on SEBoK articles and the Editorial Board reviews the recommendations before they are included in SEBok Wiki (Kaiser, El Arbi and Ahlemann 2015). The issues in the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill were management problems and poor risk management. Various reports showed that the safety board investigator and the rig operator did not test the blowout preventers individual safety systems. Only the device as a whole was tested while the various components were neglected. The preventers manufacturers had suggested individual tests but the company followed its own standard set (Gutierrez-Miravete 2013). Portfolio alignment is a weak element in a good Project Portfolio Management practice. An alignment directs the decisions related to resource allocation in an organization and helps the project manager in the prioritization of the project list. Alignment helps in translation of strategies into actionable plans (Patanakul 2015). Alignment makes a project more adaptable to changes by enabling rapid response to the changes. Portfolio alignment helps in making better decisions that is supported by business intelligence. It also helps in reducing the deviations in the budgets and improving the accuracy in the forecasting of the financial aspect. The portfolio alignment of BP Deepwater Horizon was poor as the company had initially underestimated the problem and had overestimated its capability of handling the issue. Due to improper project management, the company did not take any initial actions as crisis management (Martinsuo 2013). It was after two days of the occurrence of the disaster that the company took steps by mobilizing vessels and aircrafts. The company was even unable to ascertain the actual amount of leakages caused. The improper project management and risk management caused further delays in finding solutions to the issue. BP had lost approximately 55% of shareholder value after the oil spill incident as the share prices fell from $59.48 to $27. The share prices gradually recovered but could not reach the before oil spill level. The company had to spend huge amounts for the relief well drilling and for settling other claims (Turner 2014). The following diagram shows the portfolio management process cycle: Portfolio management process cycle is the process that an investor follows in order to meet his investment objectives. It involves expressing the objectives of the BP, in trying to complete the Macondo well took various shortcuts that resulted in the disastrous oil spills. The major cause of the oil spill was considered to be the failure of the cement at the base of 18000 feet deep well that was considered to have oil and gas within its bore. The technical and human errors led to the tremendous pressure of natural gas formed to shoot onto the drilling platform that caused an explosion causing death of 11 crew members. Later on, it was found that the cause of the accident was poor risk management, sudden changes in plans, ignorance of critical indicators, lack of well control response and lack of emergency bridge response training by the companies. Ultimately, BP was help responsible for the disaster along with the chief contractors of BP who were responsible for operations of the dri lling rig and the cementing operations (Heagney 2016). The other factors considered were the violations of the federal regulations. It was considered that BP and its contractors violated the laws related to the safety and protection of health and environment. It failed to conduct reliable tests of the pressures of the wells and did not notify the federal regulators about the changes in the drilling plans of the company. However, the cement failure remained the major cause of the disaster. Earlier BP comprised of various levels of management that was formed in a matrix structure, which made it difficult for anyone to make decisions quickly. Later on, the decision-making responsibilities were extended to the employees along with the other levels in the organization. The decision-making authority relating to meeting the performance targets was no longer limited to the regional operating companies of BP instead, the authority was extended to the asset managers present onsite. The BPs asset managers were responsible for the meeting of the performance targets which was extended to the employees on the site. The compensation of the employees was now dependent upon the performance of the employees as well as the overall performance of the site. This model was known as Asset Federation and it laid emphasis on compensation of employees according to their performance (Mello et al. 2017). The site managers managed the assets autonomously and there was some incentive of sharing be st practices on risk management among the various exploration sites of BP. Due to high prices of crude oil and various improvements in the technology, drilling in deep water became feasible. However, these operations were complex and more expensive than oil drilling in shallow water. The deepwater horizon rig was associated with various maintenance issues. The safety audit conducted by BP indicated 390 repairs demanding immediate attention but the Deepwater Horizon did not stop working and continued its operations. The maintenance issues on the rig and several setbacks resulted in the project becoming over budgeted however, BP was confident that it had found oil. Project management has a deep relationship with the systems thinking approach especially in case of systems engineering. Operations research, project management and systems engineering is very important when it comes to managing any large research and development projects. Project management evolved when technologies employed by the scientists and engineers were complex and uncertain in the development of weapon systems. It was during this time that the matrix organization came into existence in order to overcome the disadvantages of staff organizations in the efficient management of the project (Chunpir, Ludwig and Badewi 2014). This led to the development of separate bodies of knowledge known as PMBOK and SEBoK. The project management and the systems engineering share many concepts in common such as life cycle approach for conceptualizing, designing and implementing systems and projects. The project management is more people centric as it deals with the management of personnel, tea m structure and design, motivation, performance, stakeholder management, leadership, negotiation and management of the flow of communication. The systems thinking is more concerned with the product, technology, people and processes. The management of complex projects involves understanding the application of systems thinking in solving the complexities of the project. Systems are usually open as they can interact with the outside environment. They are organized by hierarchy and exhibit emergence. The hierarchy is more related to the vitality and survivability while the emergence describes the system as the dynamic interactions between its parts. The project managers use systems thinking while dealing with complex projects when everything seems to be getting out of control. The systems thinking helps the project managers in settling the complex projects at a state of equilibrium (Walker, Steinfort and Maqsood 2014). As the project completion time comes near, it creates immense pressure on the project managers and staff that results in high turnover of employees. The increase in the employee turnover contributes to excessive reworks due to absence of skill base. The delays in the system increases and results in the development of crisis. The systems thinking helps in finding the best solution to the complex issues that arise during the project management. The soft systems methodology is used to clarify the advantages that the stakeholders might get from the implementation of the project. This model deals with the problems related to the ill-structures that could not be handled by the technological approach of systems engineering. The soft systems approach works with the reality and facilitates a systematic learning process that involves examination and discussion of the different viewpoints hence, leading to purposeful actions in terms of improvements. The soft systems methodology uses various tools and concepts such as rich pictures and root definition that the project managers may use in order to clarify the projects purpose (Reader and OConnor 2014). Rich picture is an informal drawing that expresses the feelings of an individual regarding a situation. The aim is richness of personal expression that is unrestrained by the social conventions and unconstrained by the predetermined frameworks. The drawing tools and conventions for the representation of the technological problems is discouraged. The rich picture identifies the problems and the processes in the problem situation. It helps in using the mental models with the situation. Rich pictures helps in understanding the goals that motivate stakeholders at the very beginning of the project. Therefore, it can be concluded that the conventional tools of systems thinking help in dealing with some wicked problems that often arise in the projects that are not capable of being handled handled by the standard tools and techniques. The systems thinking tools and techniques help in managing the projects that involve continuous cycle of cause and effect. Systems thinking helps in understanding the issues that involve understanding of people, coordination of thinking and behavioral processes. Systems engineering is the approach that enables the complete system life cycle that includes formulation of problems, development of solution and sustainable use of the operations. The issues in the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill were management problems and poor risk management, which could be solved by implementing a strong systems thinking approach as the systems thinking involves the various conventional tools of systems thinking that help in dealing with these issues as not capable of b eing handled handled by the standard tools and techniques. The soft systems approach can help in solving the issues as it works with the reality and facilitates a systematic learning process that involves examination and discussion of the different viewpoints References: Adams, K.M., Hester, P.T., Bradley, J.M., Meyers, T.J. and Keating, C.B., 2014. Systems theory as the foundation for understanding systems.Systems Engineering,17(1), pp.112-123. Chunpir, H.I., Ludwig, T. and Badewi, A.A., 2014, June. Using soft systems methodology (SSM) in understanding current user-support scenario in the climate science domain of cyber-infrastructures. InInternational Conference of Design, User Experience, and Usability(pp. 495-506). Springer International Publishing. Garvey, P.R., Book, S.A. and Covert, R.P., 2016.Probability methods for cost uncertainty analysis: A systems engineering perspective. CRC Press. Girault, C. and Valk, R., 2013.Petri nets for systems engineering: a guide to modeling, verification, and applications. Springer Science Business Media. Gutierrez-Miravete, E., 2013. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Haines, S., 2016.The systems thinking approach to strategic planning and management. CRC Press. Heagney, J., 2016.Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Kaiser, M.G., El Arbi, F. and Ahlemann, F., 2015. Successful project portfolio management beyond project selection techniques: Understanding the role of structural alignment.International Journal of Project Management,33(1), pp.126-139. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kunze, O., Wulfhorst, G. and Minner, S., 2016. Applying systems thinking to city logistics: A qualitative (and quantitative) approach to model interdependencies of decisions by various stakeholders and their impact on city logistics.Transportation Research Procedia,12, pp.692-706. Martinsuo, M., 2013. Project portfolio management in practice and in context.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), pp.794-803. Mello, M.H., Gosling, J., Naim, M.M., Strandhagen, J.O. and Brett, P.O., 2017. Improving coordination in an engineer-to-order supply chain using a soft systems approach.Production Planning Control,28(2), pp.89-107. Patanakul, P., 2015. Key attributes of effectiveness in managing project portfolio.International Journal of Project Management,33(5), pp.1084-1097. Reader, T.W. and OConnor, P., 2014. The Deepwater Horizon explosion: non-technical skills, safety culture, and system complexity.Journal of Risk Research,17(3), pp.405-424. Turner, J.R., 2014.The handbook of project-based management(Vol. 92). New York, NY: McGraw-hill. Walker, D., Steinfort, P. and Maqsood, T., 2014. Stakeholder voices through rich pictures.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,7(3), pp.342-361.