Concept of Freedom in Political Theory - 1679 Words

Why is the concept of freedom so contested in political theory? (Word maximum: 1,500) Freedom is an important concept in Western politics, strongly entwined as it is with ideas of liberalism. Yet, as suggested by the question, the concept is one which is hotly debated. Indeed, political agents attempt to control the political agenda through promotion of their particular definition. This essay will look at the ways freedom has been defined by different theorists over the years. It will also look at how freedom is linked with and explained through different theo-ries and ideologies. It will then go on to look at how these different theories and ideologies may shape the conceptions of freedom we find in our daily lives. Different†¦show more content†¦This approach may be considered stifling of both innovation and effort, since anything above the average will not be rewarded. By contrast, if equality of opportunity is achieved, then some will accumulate more wealth and power than others, giving them effectively more freedom. John Rawls (1971, cited in Middleton, 2005) introduced two principles of justice, the first of which was that ‘each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others’. Rawls attempted to address the question of inequality through the second of his principles: the ‘difference principle’. In this he said that it was acceptable for some to be better off than others as long as by doing so the poorest people also benefitted in some way. In other words, inequality was acceptable if some of the extra benefit were redistributed to those most in need. This approach is an example of positive freedom. However, Isaiah Berlin (1969, cited in Smith, 2005), known as a chief architect of theories of positive and negative freedom, saw dangers in this approach too. He argued that it was wrong to ascribe to individuals a set of common needs and desires. Moreover, he considered that the surrender of individual freedom f or collective self-rule could result in individual rights being violated. He concluded that a measure of bothShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Freedom And Power1696 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom and Power Introduction The issue of freedom and the power that accompanies it, have occupied the history of human kind in the course of their existence. Mostly, this has emanated from the unequal distribution of these two key significant factors that revolve around the lives of humankind. Freedom and power have been subject of struggle. Various sections of human population endeavor to uphold their element of self-determination that is defined by these two important components. Scholars believeRead MoreSocial And Political Order : Seat Belt Laws1102 Words   |  5 PagesSocial and Political Order: Seat Belt Laws Social and Political theories aim to define the relationships between government and citizen, and concerns the organization and basis of government. (Merriam-Webster, n.d). In application, the necessity to find a balance between two primary theories becomes apparent. Modern day social and political theories can largely be attributed to ideas of two individuals, Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau. Hobbes believed major government influence was a necessityRead MoreEvolution and the Modern Social Contract Theory : Essay Outline1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Outline POLS 14033 – Political Ideas and Ideologies The Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Question: Firstly, in this essay, we will describe and analyze the various concepts of the evolution and emergence of the modern social contract theory thru the analysis of several of its key political thinkers. We will provide a detailed review of the concepts that have developed and that were crucial for theRead MoreLanguage As The Primary Source Of Political Discourse And Hegemony1244 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluating the text from a Structuralist perspective reveals language as the primary source of political discourse and hegemony. In 1984, language is both an instrument and an effect of power. Michel Foucault’s discursive practices suggest that discourse â€Å"transmits and produces power† (Foucault, 1980). It has the capacity to govern social interactions, limit the parameters of human thought and endorse political ideologies. Structuralist Jonathan Culler corroborates Foucault’s assertion in his book, StructuralistRead MoreThe Theories Of Freedom Articulated By Rou sseau, Burke, And Hegel1208 Words   |  5 PagesLeilte Assefa Professor Leonard Williams Mod. Cont. Political Thought March 13, 2017 2. Rousseau boldly asserts that we are â€Å"born free† but are â€Å"everywhere in chains.† what political theorists have thought about the concept of freedom, its basic meanings, and its presence or absence in the world. Discuss the theories of freedom articulated by Rousseau, Burke, and Hegel. In your view, which theorist expressed the most adequate understanding of freedom? Why? (300* 3)words for each theorist + 100 wordsRead MoreAristotle, Joseph Schumpeter, Milton Friedman, And John Rawls1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of equality is multi-faceted and widely debated among scholars. While there is no singular definition for equality, equality deals with the distribution of some â€Å"thing† in a specific domain. For this paper, equality will be narrowed down to the domains of economic and political. It is essential to note that distinct types of equality can become conditions for equality in a different domain. In this case, economic equality will be analyzed as a condition for political equality. How isRead MoreCritical Response paper 1821 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent political theories there are many different views and even more political opinions on what is best for any one nation and their citizens. In order to fully understand any component of government we must understand its underlying political ideologies and the beliefs behind it s policies and views. Liberalism, conservatism, socialism, fascism, feminism, and environmentalism are well known political ideologies. Each ideology has drastic differences of views relating to equality, power, freedom, andRead MoreCha Roy : Ideas On Communism Essay1444 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Indian society suffered serious conflict against colonialism. So, there was need for a sustainable political model that would guide the society towards freedom from the colonial rule. Many political thinkers emerged at that time and there were persistent debates between different ideologies and thoughts regarding the same. One such thinker was MN Roy. He strongly believed that any major political change must end with a revolution and a revolution must be backed by some philosophy. He was India’sRead MoreJohn Locke And Jean Jacques Rousseau Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesestablishing a contract whereby they agree to live together in harmony for their mutual benefit, after which they are said to live in a state of society, including concepts such as equality, fairness and equal distribution. During the Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries, was when philosophers contributed to the social contract theory, as this was a time marked within history to be a time when intellectuals first began to explore established views in relation to religion, science, economics,Read MoreThe Purpose Of This Work Is To Explore Machiavelli’S Political1623 Words   |  7 Pageswork is to explore Machiavelli’s political philosophy through the lens of discord. In terms of discord, Machiavelli presents the two main rivals, who are the nobles and the people. He sees the two different humors of the nobles and the people as the cause of discord. He observes that conflicts caused by the two diverse humors create salutary effects. His praise of tumults has inspired scholars not only to relate the notion of humors to the discussion of political freedom, but also to find t he origin

Evaluation Of Epidemiological Problem Diabetes - 1992 Words

Evaluation of Epidemiological Problem Diabetes Lisa Gaye Spivey Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 503: Population Health, Epidemiology, Statistical Principles May 2016 The Epidemiology of Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong chronic disease whereas sugar levels within the blood are too high. Diabetes affects multiple body systems such as your vision, nerves, foot problems, problems healing, the kidneys, and can lead to heart problems. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 29.1 million U.S. citizens are living with diabetes. â€Å"Diabetes mellitus has become a global nuisance, associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. The disease will become an epidemic if continues on this route† (Kosti Kanakari, 2012, p. 654). â€Å"The World Health Organization WHO has issued a call to action on diabetes, drawing attention to the need to step up prevention and treatment of the disease. According to the WHO’s first Global report on diabetes, people living with diabetes has quadrupled since 1980 and there were 1.5 million deaths in 2012 from diabetes† (WHO, 2016). The rise has been attributed to the increase in obesity and unhealthy diet. Diabetes affects globally and has increased exponentially. This paper will deal with the epidemiological aspect of diabetes within this community. Background According to the CDC 1 in 11 people have diabetes. Diabetes is a disorder of the endocrine system. Diabetes isShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of Epidemiological Problem Of Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm )2100 Words   |  9 PagesEvaluation of Epidemiological Problem Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major chronic health problem in adults 18 years or older in the state of Kentucky (KY) that is responsible for many illnesses and deaths. There are also various complications associated with this health condition. Complications of DM are atherosclerotic vascular disease, cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, delayed wound healing, and increased risk for osteomyelitis, which increases the risk for amputation (AmericanRead MoreType 2 Diabetes Teaching Plan1467 Words   |  6 PagesType 2 Diabetes Teaching Plan In order to create change healthcare providers must work together to educate their communities. According to a study found that Type 2 Diabetes is the highest among all Hispanic/Latino groups in which 16.9 percent for both men and ladies, contrasted with 10.2 percent for non-Hispanic whites. It is evident communities are not being educated on preventing Type 2 Diabetes and their risks (American Diabetes Association, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to discuss theRead MorePrecede or Proceed Essay1225 Words   |  5 PagesModel and using what you have learned about epidemiology, what kind of data would be included within an epidemiological assessment? Please describe. In the PRECEDE phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model, epidemiological data would include predisposing, reinforcing and enabling constructs such as genetics, behavior, and community. In the PROCEED phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model, epidemiological data would include environmental data from sources such as primary interviews with affected individualsRead MoreObesity, Diabetes And Lung Cancer1046 Words   |  5 PagesEpidemiological studies: Critical Review of Obesity, Diabetes and Lung Cancer Epidemiological Study on Obesity The overweight problem is big issue in the United States and worldwide with the average American weighing 3-5 kilograms more than they did ten years ago. Obesity is an excess of body fat that leads to ill health. The study was based on a sample representative of United States where 22.9 percent men and 23.3 women were obese, and 44.1percent of men and 34 percent of women were overweightRead MoreAuthor Lives In Mississauga City, Canada. And Her Background1736 Words   |  7 Pagesdeath accounting for 20% all death. In every 7 minutes a death from heart disease or stroke in Canada (Heart research Institute, 2017). Minority populations of African or South Asian background are at greater risk of developing high blood pressure, diabetes or other risk factors for heart disease at a younger age (Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, 2012). The author decided to provide health education in the church community where most people are minority South Asians. The author had a help fromRead More The Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus2021 Words   |  9 PagesData analyst. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose which leads serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. There are three types of diabetes. They are Type-I(T1DM), Type- 2(T2DM), Gestational diabetes. Type 2 diabetes represents 90 percent of diabetes cases in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is ranked as the 7th country world widely estimated to have the highest numbers of people with diabetes in 2000 and 2030Read MorePrevalence Of Type II Diabetes Mellitus2138 Words   |  9 Pages Prevalence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus in the Adult of JAZAN by Demographic characteristics, BMI and Settlement type. Dr.T.Hemalatha, Dr. Rashida, Ms.Wajiha, Dr.Fahad Abstract Nowadays Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is becoming a major health problem in all over the world. If a person having prolonged group of disease with high level of blood glucose then it is Diabetes Mellitus. It will cause severe other health issues like cardiovascular diseases, disease related to vision, Kidney, blood vesselsRead MoreEvaluation Of A Program Evaluation Essay1412 Words   |  6 PagesPROGRAM EVALUATION In order to determine the effectiveness of the program and the level of participant satisfaction, Kingsley Manor will collect and analyze data with the aim of answering the following questions: (1) Will an onsite wellness program increase the wellness and health related uality of life for older adults with Diabetes Mellitus Type II? (2) What participant specific characteristics predict increased or decreased benefit from participation in a wellness program? (3) Do older adultsRead MoreThe Health Plan For Diabetes And Diabetes1828 Words   |  8 Pageshealth problems, however, the same people that are at risk or afflicted may not have a good understanding of what is at stake and how to prevent it. Obesity and diabetes are two common and very serious conditions that haunt a lot of people. People with diabetes need to be educated about the risks regarding these health issues. The health plan that I have created is designed to educate people who are prone to obesity and predisposed to it. This plan includes information about obesity and diabetes, andRead MoreEpidemiology and Primary Diabetes Prevention Essay1965 Words   |  8 PagesStatistics, [By 1993] death certificates listed diabetes as the fifth leading cause of death for Blacks aged 45 to 64, and the third leading cause of death for those aged 65 and older in 1990.† (Bailey, 2007). These statistics show how serious the problem of diabetes has become in the black community. Epidemiological studies can focus the efforts of the healthcare community to effective interventions aimed at lowering the prevalence and incidence of diabetes among African Americans. This paper

Ethics of Teachers free essay sample

Teachers are ultimately viewed as â€Å"perfect† in the eyes of their students; therefore, their demeanor should exemplify a high standard of ethical reasoning and protocol. Teachers are part of the educational world and should not participate in unethical behaviors which may deter the method of analyzing and reasoning of students. The personality of teachers is crucial when they may impact the future career goals and educational path of their students. Although teachers may not be significantly aware, they are held to high standards by their students and they are extremely important individuals that may impact the foundation of a student’s educational success. The positive behavior that teachers vibe to their students impact their motivational trends which promotes them to excel. However, often times teachers may display negative emotions that may detour a student’s path and leave them feeling unworthy, unappreciated, and the desire to give up on their future goals. Students spend the majority of their life in the classroom, which concludes that the overall organizational culture and ethics that teachers exemplify in the classroom will ultimately affect the mindset of students. The focus of this paper will be to compare and contrast the overall culture in the classroom of students surrounded by positive and negative teachers. I will explicitly outline the factors that will cause a student to excel or fail due to the organizational culture that is embedded within them. I will further conclude the paper by implying that teachers are more important than the subject courses they may teach, but are the educational leaders that have a significant impact on the lives of their students. Introduction: The interaction between teachers and students is critical to produce high-level student learning and achievement. The teaching styles of teachers may be related to moral management; they display respect and fairness in their teaching environment. In relation to Stakeholders, teachers may be viewed as a key stakeholder in the field of education since they are the primary key holders that lay the foundation of the future of the students. In order for teachers to effectively influence their students in positive directions, they will have to demonstrate strong ethical values. Being an individual of high ethical values, two basic questions are involved, â€Å"What is the right thing to do and why should you do the right thing? † (Bowie and Schneider, 2011). Teachers have the moral obligation to maintain their character to a higher standard in the presence of their students. The teacher as a stakeholder is expected to possess the professional knowledge to lead the students in instruction. However, It is challenging for teachers to transform the culture and have a positive view in the eyes of their students without parental support. Parents are the educational stakeholders that provide parental guidance for the students and the support for the teachers Literature Review: The empowerment of teachers will facilitate the empowerment of students† (Short and Greer, 2002). As educators, teachers have to embrace the ethical standards that enjoin virtues of honesty, compassion, and loyalty. â€Å"And, ethical standards include standards relating to rights, such as the right to life, the right to freedom from injury, and the right to privacy. Such standards are adequate standards of ethics because they are supported by consistent and well-f ounded reasons† (Bowie and Schneider, 2011). Teacher have to continuously be involved in the moral beliefs and conducts and strive to ensure that they shape the future of their student’s lives under a solid foundation of ethnicity. Relating to the Domains of Human Activities, teachers may relate to the triads of Moulton’s continuum into the categories of Positive Law (Codified Ethics Regulation), Ethics (implementation of moral values, requiring integrity and practice, and Free Choice (liberty, allowing creativity, self-realization and license). Positive Law would refer to the Code of Ethics have to abide by to ensure equality to their profession of teaching. The professional educator accepts personal responsibility for teaching students character qualities that will help them evaluate the consequences of and accept the responsibility for their actions and choices (Campbell, 2006). † All teachers have a Code of Ethics that they are morally responsible for upholding. The foundation to the success of teachers is their ethical and moral reasoning that is their guide of â€Å"doing what is right† in their classroom and teachers with high integrity respect the values of their Code of Ethics. The National Education Association (NEA) has created a code of ethics for the different needs of the teaching profession, which are: ? Access to varying points of view ?Do not distort subject matter ?Protect students from harm ?Do not embarrass or disparage ?Do not discriminate ?Do not use professional relationship for private advantage ? Do not disclose confidential information Teachers of high integrity, have an intrinsic awareness between ethical and moral principles. They display ethical knowledge which includes a sense of right and wrong, treating others with respect, being objective, patient and compassionate. Embodying ethical knowledge gives the teacher the ability to practice their teaching skills with morals and ethics and not just viewing their job as being teaching only (Campbell, 2006). † A teachers’ rationale to success may be based on the motto of Winston Churchill, â€Å"Mountaintops inspire leaders but valleys mature them† (Pockell and Avila, 2007 ). Teachers should give their students the freedom of choice and self-realization which will promote a sense of unity with the teachers and students. However, with regards to liberty, it should be limited to protect the ethics within the classroom. Ethics in the classroom should be valued to a high standard to maintain the organizational climate in the classroom. â€Å"Each pupil graduating from the elementary, secondary, or higher grades of education should receive personal advice and direction regarding further education or employment (Horne, 1970). † An excellent example of how teachers with high ethical values can impact student achievement is prevalent in a School System where elementary students where behind in their current grade level. The Elementary Alternative Education Program was established to help students become motivated to excel in their educational venue. The program was targeted at students that were two-three years behind in their current grade and was over-aged for their grade level. The teachers that committed to educate the students had a high level of moral and ethical responsibility to motivate their students and transform their students to become students of higher academic success learning. The table below depicts the improvement in academic of students from the 2007 – 2008 school year till the 2010-2011 school year. The data below indicates that the students enrolled in the program with the assistance of their teachers are now on the pathway on Graduation from high school. The students were deemed unreachable to teach due to their classroom behavior and other factors, but with the determination of their teachers they have increased their academic level. The National Bureau of Economic Research has indicated that â€Å"Good Teachers† raise Student Achievement. Although there is no silver bullet that guarantees that every student will be successful, now more than ever research provides guidance about the characteristics of effective schools and effective teachers that, if followed, can help maximize school and ultimately student performance† (Horne, 1970). According to Post, Preston, and Sachs, â€Å"The stakeholders in a corporation are the individuals and constituencies that contribute, either voluntarily or involuntarily, to its wealth-creating capacity and activities, and that are therefore its potential beneficiaries and/or risk bearers. In comparison with this model, teachers are the stakeholders that voluntarily work to improve the success of their students through motivation and determination. However, the primary impact of teachers whether they are successful in improving academic success or not is to educate the students. Every student has the ability to learn, however, they need a teacher that has a passion for teaching to educate the students. In regards to the Stakeholders Analysis, teacher has to identify the needs of their students and execute a plan to approach the problem for face-value. As teachers, it is important to understand that all students are different and they should utilize different methods to attempt to reach their students. The â€Å"big picture† that teachers normally use to motivate them to help their students is the graduation rate. The success of student cannot be done alone. Teachers have to reach out to the parents to unite as one to help the students since their common goal is the success of their students. Often times students are unfortunate to be enrolled in the classroom of a teacher that lacks integrity and the culture of the classroom is detrimental to the learning process. The culture of the classroom is set by the teachers and the students. If the overall organizational culture of the classroom is disorientated, then the students will be ineffective in performing their daily tasks. Teachers must be able to present their material, effectively manage their classrooms, facilitate maximum student involvement, and ultimately, enhance student learning. â€Å"The vision implementation of teachers affects the performance and many attitudes of many of their students. (Kirkpatrick and Locke, 1996). Teachers have to ensure the classroom climate is has a positive effect on the students and that the motivational factors are supportive in the overall success of the students. â€Å"As with many aspects of classroom management, the most important factor in creating a positive classroom environment is the teacher, and this is where the process must start. † The climate in the classroom is of course more than the physical classroom environment. It is a process that builds the psychological framework for all activity that happens in the classroom. The classroom climate is not just about motivation and student well-being, it is a major ingredient of the context for successful learning. Real learning cannot take place in a negative classroom climate. According to the Jones’ Issue Contingent Model, teachers that have negative impact on student achievement fail to utilize ethical reasoning while attempting to teach their students. The failure may arise from attempting to teach all the students in the same process with utilizing Differentiated Instruction to reach all students. If they would have used the Synthesis of Ethical Decision-Making Model, then they would have realized the different stages of Differentiated Instruction and had a positive impact on their students. Teachers that fail to differentiate their teaching is modeling immoral management, meaning they are they are displaying minimal ethical reasoning with the students. As teachers, they have the responsibility to educate the children as a moral obligation to the students, parents, and themselves. By failing to address the needs of the students, they are depicting low moral intensity. Moral intensity of the issue itself does have a significant role and could influence teachers in their ethical decision-making process as their attention to the issue are being directed by the embedded intensity level of the respective issues. â€Å"The primary goal of ethical reasoning is to help individuals act in morally responsible ways (Weiss, 125). † While natural rights are the basis for justice, rights cannot be realized nor does justice become operative without power. The interaction between one’s ethical philosophies can influence the ethical decisions that an individual can make. Teachers are liable to treat each student in their classroom with an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others, which in their case is their education. Teachers have the moral obligation to treat all students in the classroom equally. They have the right to receive an education and the teacher’s highest level of knowledge that may displayed to them. Teachers are faced with many trials and tribulations in the classroom, but they have the moral obligation to provide students with a environment conducive to learning. For students to achieve, it is the responsibility of teachers to provide a classroom culture that will increase a student’s motivational factors. Feedback, where positive or negative can promote student achievement. Teachers are viewed as teachers are more important than the subject courses they may teach, but are the educational leaders that have a significant impact on the lives of their students. Leadership is a reflection on modeled behavior that is learned. Students learn from the teachers and adapt themselves to their leadership demeanor. Leaders within an organization, have vast types of leadership styles. Teachers, however, are viewed as individuals with more personal ethics. Transformational leaders produce students that will be effective leaders and impeccable role models for their fellow peers. They have the ability to empower, coach, and lead their students to success. The theory of transformational leaders is based on the theory of James Burns. The type of leadership style is moral because it increases the humanities of students and their aspirations. True leadership, defined by its ethical core, is transforming for the leader and the follower alike. Transforming leadership transcends other forms of leadership because it is committed to doing the right things as opposed to doing things right (Anderson et al, 2006). Teachers assume the ethical responsibility to transform the culture of their students and are responsibility for the in adverse effects it may have on their students. â€Å"Transforming leadership also assumes that the transformation is mutual and reciprocal in which a follower can assume a leadership role and the leader a follower role. Teachers are more than classroom teachers; they are role models to their students. Students often mimic the behavior of their teachers because they admire their leadership style. Often times teachers that possess high integrity and ethical behavior are called â€Å"mean. † Teachers push their students to work harder than anticipated so they can excel in academic achievement. When students have to work harder than normal, they respect the morals that their teachers require them to uphold. Culture is another factor that is critical in transforming the culture of students. Conclusion: Leadership is a reflection on modeled behavior that is learned. Students learn from the teachers and adapt themselves to their leadership demeanor. The success of students not only start with the parents, but it is the teachers that the parents have entrusted with their children to teach them the skills they will need to become successful professionals once they leave the reins of their teachers. As with many aspects of classroom management, the most important factor in creating a positive classroom environment is the teacher. Real learning cannot take place in a negative classroom climate. The classroom must be conducive and inviting for parents, staff, and most of all children. The relationship between parents and teachers, like every other relationship, depends on trust. Above all, teachers must not compete with parents; what teachers have learned about their students is different from what parents know, primarily because they observe, interact with, and experience the students in group settings. While our observations and experiences are different, they are not necessarily more valid than hose of parents. Teachers, students, and parents are all key stakeholders within the educational organization. The ultimate goal for all stakeholders is to achieve a high school diploma and then proceed to their career goals. â€Å"Teaching is designed to result in action† (Schaefer, 1990). Teachers, student, and parents will â€Å"act† as a unit of one to maintain the culture of the classroom environment to motivate the students to excel at their highest academic level.

Natural Birth free essay sample

Although it remains rare in the United States, planned home birth has drawn increasing attention and criticism in the mainstream media and has come under attack from organized medicine. Yet, recent peer-reviewed studies contribute to the evidence base supporting home birth as a safe option for low-risk women attended by skilled midwifes. I hope to achieve this with a thorough background of medical mistakes that has dehumanized the birthing process for women. It is the purpose of this paper to prove that home births are just as safe as hospital births in low risk women. Home birth with a trained midwife should be an option available to low-risk women. This paper will focus on the history on medicine replacing midwives, the current era of obstetrics and finally the midwives and home birth. Natural Birth: The Ultimate Sacrifice The birth of a child is an experience that most men and women in the United States will go through. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Birth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is a joyous occasion; however, it can also be a point in one’s life where they are overwhelmed with information and many things to do. Not only are expectant parents having to get their house ready and having to learn numerous things about pregnancy an new baby care, they also must become informed about the endless array of test, medical procedures, and standards of practice commonly used in the field of obstetrics today. Many do not have the time to learn about all the test, procedures and interventions; rather they trust their care provider’s opinion or what friends or family members who have already had children tell them. Most of these expectant parents do not consider delivery outside of a hospital for several reasons, some being perceived safety, hospital birth being standard, or not knowing that there was another option. It is typical; most expectant parents do not challenge or question anything obstetricians or the hospital staff tells them is best for their baby. Many do not challenge or question the use of test, procedures and other interventions because these practices have become so common and accepted today that their use is expected and their safety is rarely challenged. Many women who choose to have a hospital birth expect to have an IV, electronic fetal monitoring and an epidural because the use of these procedures has become so common and standard that their safety is automatically assumed. But because something is widely used and accepted does not mean that it is safe. To best illustrate this point think back to when prophylactic forceps deliveries were common and therefore assumed safe. It took decades before the obstetric community finally agreed that prophylactic forceps deliveries were not in the best of interest of mothers and babies. But what about the procedures and interventions used today: are they safe? Exploring the option of home and birthing center births with midwives for low-risk women should be at the core of the national health care reform and research. Instead, several generations of high-tech, low-touch birth and a pervasive cultural belief that birth is imminently dangerous – even in healthy, low-risk women – has led to powerful cultural blinders that limit options for women. The decision to have a natural birth should be embraced and not ostracized because it is not the social norm. Giving birth carries a much bigger impact than a onetime mere medical event. It is the purpose of this paper to pay respect to the hundreds of women that ripple the waters in exchange for the ultimate experience. For the vast majority of history, childbirth has been a â€Å"woman’s thing† and was attended by midwives at home. The word midwife itself means with the woman. Men themselves were not allowed in the birth chamber and thus were excluded from witnessing this uniquely female act. This way of practice remained unchanged for most of history as we know it. Men did began making their way into childbirth; however, and within a short period of time, surgeon and physician guilds were formed. Eventually birth was pushed from home to hospital and out of control of the ones it meant the most to. The first men to enter the birth chamber were not doctors; they were the barber-surgeons who were, as their name says, hair cutters and beard shavers; however, the also had skills which included using their knives and other tools for bloodletting and extracting dead babies (Blumenfeld-Kosinski 1990). When it became obvious that the mother or child was going to die because she could not deliver the baby, the doctor-surgeons were called in t attempt to save a life. They would use their tools to take the baby out of the woman’s body in pieces: the cranioclast would crush open the baby’s skull, the crochets would dismember it and remove it in pieces. Eventually a guild of surgeons formed in England around 1540 and made statute that specifically stated, â€Å"No carpenter, smith, weaver, or woman shall practice surgery† (Mitford 1992). Midwifery was the first field of medicine taught in medical schools and there was no standard curriculum; therefore, many of the new doctors were inadequately trained Medical school training did not include clinical training and the vast majority of new doctors had not witnessed on solitary delivery when that attended their first paying patient and because of this most of the early doctors did more harm than good (Wertz and Wertz 1989). New interventions continued into the twentieth century. And along with this time period of great advances in health came breakthrough new medical interventions into childbirth, each with their own unrecognized and potentially dangerous risks and side effects. How can anyone forget the physical, emotional, and psychological results of DES (diethylstilbestrol), x-rays, discouraged breastfeeding, separation of families during labor and the belief that babies didn’t feel pain. Diethylstilbestrol, more commonly known as DES, was the first synthetic estrogen ever synthesized and prescribed to millions of pregnant women between 1938 and 1971. Believing that low levels of estrogen caused miscarriages, DES was hailed as a wonder drug because it supposedly prevented miscarriages, was cheap to produce and could be taken orally. In 1947, under much pressure from major drug companies, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved DES for use during pregnancy. In 1952, questions concerning the effectiveness of DES in preventing miscarriages were raised. The appearance of clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) began appearing in young women in 1901; and in 1971. The FDA then advised against the use of DES during pregnancy but some physicians continued to prescribe the drug to pregnant women. The DES incident was an embarrassment to the FDA (Northrup 1994). The women who took DES were at an increased risk for breast cancer. And as this paper will show, this was just the tip of the iceberg. Following DES, x-rays were introduced. They were considered safe and commonly used for almost 50 years-until the negative consequences on embryogenesis, carcinogenesis and genetic mutations were discovered in the late 1950’s. Fetuses and children are ten to twenty times more susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of radiation because their cells are rapidly dividing, and children born to mothers who had x-rays have a higher incidence of leukemia, Down’s syndrome, and among the daughters, more miscarriages and fetal deaths during their childbearing years. The genetic mutations that occurred can be passed down to subsequent generations (Cunningham 1997). X-rays were used for everything from determining gestational age, multiple pregnancy, presentation of baby, and most commonly, pelvic measurements of the mother, all of which could have been determined by less intrusive ways. Obstetricians, and pediatricians, in this era believed that babies did not feel pain and if there is one thing even the most uneducated person knows, it is that babies do feel pain. The â€Å"no pain† belief was so strong that surgical procedures were done without anesthesia or anesthetic. And what is even more appalling about this is that circumcision without pain relief for infant boys continued beyond this era and into the 1990’s and some speculate that anesthesia/anesthetic is not used 100% of the time even today (Ritter 1992). According to current ethical guidelines, surgical procedures cannot be performed on research animals without anesthesia. The following is a statement made by Marilyn Milos after viewing an infant circumcision without any pain relief: †¦The silence was broken by a piercing scream-the baby’s reaction to having his foreskin pinched and crushed as the doctor attached the clamps to his penis. The shriek intensified when the doctor inserted an instrument between the foreskin and the glans, tearing the two structures apart†¦the baby started shaking his head back and forth- the only part of his body free to move-as the doctor used another clamp to crush the foreskin lengthwise, which he then cut†¦The baby began to gasp and choke, breathless from his screams. How could anyone say circumcision is painless when the suffering is so obvious†¦? (Milos ) But yet, physicians felt that the response express by the infant during the circumcision were not due to pain. Thankfully, today most circumcisions are performed with some form of pain relief and physicians acknowledge that babies do feel pain. In the current era of medicine and child birth, there are various methods used but this paper will focus on those with the worst outcomes. Amniotomy, the artificial rupturing of membranes, is performed by obstetricians who wish to speed up the natural process of labor, check for signs of fetal distress or for the insertion of an internal fetal monitor. While amniotomy does in fact cause labor to speed up, the complications include cord prolapsed in which the umbilical cord comes down before the baby and results in a life-threatening situation typically requiring an emergency cesarean, cord compression during contractions, greater head molding and an effect on the fetal heart rate ( Goer 1995). It is common place in today’s hospital to keep laboring women from eating and drinking during labor. The belief surrounding the policy of nothing by mouth is fear that a woman under general anesthesia will aspirate the stomach contents. Today general anesthesia has been replaced with epidural anesthesia, thus eliminating the use of general anesthesia and the chance of aspiration. The researchers of one study stated that eating and drinking in labor are not always a factor in maternal aspiration but faulty anesthesia administration almost always is ( Broach and Newton 1988). What is puzzling is that it is not humane to let a woman experience some pain during labor, but it is human to let her starve during a physically demanding process in her life. The national cesarean section in 1965 was at 4. 5% and has quickly risen to 32% as of 2011 (Hamilton et al. 2012). It is believed by many in the medical community that cesareans sections reduce the perinatal mortality rate and many also believe that cesarean delivery is safer for the baby, but neither of these are true. Cesarean sections do have adverse effects on both mother and baby when compared with a vaginal delivery. The risks to the mother, other than that of increased maternal mortality, include damage to uterine blood vessel, damage to the urinary bladder, respiratory complication and lower subsequent fertility. Why has this number ballooned out of proportion? ChildBirth Connection offers the following bulleted points: The following interconnected factors appear to contribute to the high cesarean rate: Low priority of enhancing womens own abilities to give birth, Side effects of common labor interventions, Refusal to offer the informed choice of vaginal birth, and limited awareness of harms that are more likely with cesarean section. (ChildBirth Connection) It is the job of every medical professional to provide and offer these answers to new and existing parents, not just for stats but for the well being of those they care for and the life they are going to bring into the world. Medical professionals tend to neglect the emotional and psychological aspects of procedures, but they are just as important as more and more women suffer from postpartum depression, these issues need to be addressed. So how are midwives and home birth so different from hospital births? The explanations are virtually endless, but revolve around a few central issues; following evidence-based practice, prevention instead of intervention, giving control of the birth process back to women, and trusting women’s ability to give birth. Childbirth is a natural and normal process in a womans’s life and a woman’s body is well designed to birth a baby. Midwives have a general philosophy that as long as everything is progressing smoothly, whether fast or slow, and there are no signs of tension or stress in the mother or baby, there is no need for interventions. Each womans labor is different and her experience is unique so there really is not a concept of a â€Å"normal labor and delivery†. Some labors are 30 minutes and others may last 3 days. Some women feel little or no pain during birth and other find the contractions excruciating. Some women prefer to eat in labor and some cant. Midwives respect and appreciate this uniqueness, where obstetricians find it pathological and must do something to make it more normal and thus controllable. Midwives follow a care model which revolves around pregnancy and birth as normal events. They focus on prevention rather than intervention or treatment. Every intervention discussed previously is rarely, if ever used in a typical midwife-attended home birth. support during labor is used instead of anesthetics or anesthesia. Midwives aim to build the mothers confidence in herself and in her body’s ability to give birth without the use of medical interventions by educating her about the various opinions available to her and encouraging her during the rough parts of the pregnancy, labor or delivery. Midwives encourage the partners to emotionally an physically support their pregnant partner, exercise and ear properly with their partner, as well as educate them about the entire process of bringing a child into the world. Medicine has led to a decrease in women’s confidence in their ability to give birth. Women have become used to hearing about or having medical interventions used during pregnancy and childbirth that they have begun to feel that they simply couldn’t have a baby without it. The decrease in women’s ability to give birth afflicts our society as a whole and has led to the increased dependence on the medical system. Women depend on their doctors to confirm their pregnancy with a blood test and then they rely on the doctor to tell them their exact due date. Ultrasounds to judge the growth rate of the developing baby has replaced relying on obtaining and adequate nutrition and having an appropriate weight gain. These views have caused so many women to think of pregnancy and childbirth as something that they have to go through in order to have a baby instead of a moving and power experience-after all how can it be a powerful experience when you are powerless. Low risk mothers should have the right to decide if she wants to delivery her baby at home. Who are we to rob them of the ultimate sacrifice?

Strategic Analysis Of Siemens Commerce Essay Example For Students

Strategic Analysis Of Siemens Commerce Essay Mhos is now one of Europes largest technology pudding stones. Its international central offices are located in Germany. Siemens is a diversified and immense group, with concern in information and communications, mechanization and control, power, transit, wellness attention, illuming and fiscal service concerns. Its concerns have strong leading in electronics and electrical technology. Siemens has three chief concern sectors: Industry, Energy and Healthcare and it has a entire every bit many as of 15 divisions ( Barclay, 2000 ) . We will write a custom essay on Strategic Analysis Of Siemens Commerce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Worldwide Siemens and its subordinates employ about 420,800 people in about 190 states and reported planetary gross of 76.615 billion Euros as of 2009. Siemens AG is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since March 12, 2001. Outline1 Mission and vision2 Strategic issues3 Pioneer of sustainability4 Great in diverseness5 Advanced6 Strategic analysis for Siemens7 PESTEL analysis of the macro-environment8 PESTEL analysis for Siemens9 Germany10 GLOBAL11 Political12 Economic13 Social14 Technological15 Environmental16 Legal17 Porter s five forces18 Porter s five forces19 Degree of competition20 Dickering power of clients21 Dickering power of providers22 Menace of new entrants:23 Menace of replacements24 SWOT Analysis25 Strengths26 Failings27 Opportunities28 Menaces29 Strengths30 Failing31 Opportunities32 Menaces33 The strategic options from SWOT34 Inner control35 Transportation activities from 3rd parties36 Restructure the capital construction37 Found new divisions for new merchandises38 Joint venture Mission and vision Highest public presentation with highest moralss that is the criterion demanded by Siemens present president and CEO Peter Loscher. Its mission is to happen the best manner of uniting and developing know-how and expertness, so that Siemens can productively impart them into outstanding value for clients. It has three nucleus values Responsible: Committed to ethical and responsible actions ; Excellent: Achieving high public presentation and first-class consequences ; Innovative: Being advanced to make sustainable value. Strategic issues Pioneer of sustainability Sustainability is viewed as an of import factor for success. Siemens wants to be the innovator of sustainability. Sustainable development is the most of import strategic aim in the long tally. Sustainability serves as the footing for Siemens hereafter concern success and is the most of import facet of Siemens corporate scheme. ( Barney, 1986 ) . What s more, in recent old ages, Siemens has applied this scheme into operation, with the Siemens environmental portfolio increasing, it has an exceptionally wide spectrum of merchandises and solutions for environmental and climate protection Great in diverseness Siemens is engaged in advancing diverseness in all degrees of the company to a greater grade than of all time earlier. Up to presents, diverseness has been given a lasting topographic point in the corporate degree scheme. In Siemens civilization, particularly for the increasing deficit of extremely qualified people and demographic alterations in the planetary concern, diverseness is a requirement for all the muti-national companies long-run success. Diversity is besides a requirement for its international concern. Advanced Invention has ever been one of nucleus competence in Siemens concern scheme. In Siemens civilization, Inventions are thought to be able to heighten the nucleus competency of Siemens. What s more, Mhos have to maintain its advantage over its rivals in this technological product-dominated market. Strategic analysis for Siemens First, PESTEL will be applied to measure the microenvironment of Siemens, for Porter s five forces analysis, the electrical equipment division will be taken as an illustration and a complete SWOT analysis will follow to measure he strategic options for Siemens. PESTEL analysis of the macro-environment The external environment for international concern is ever complicated and dynamic. The PESTEL analysis of the maco-environment of Siemens is based from two positions: one is that Siemens run its concern in German and the other status is that it runs its concern internationally or in other finish states. PESTEL analysis for Siemens Germany GLOBAL Political Germany authorities policy on subsidies ; lessening policies for German houses Different states has different policies ; the relationship between the authorities of finish state and German ; grade of local authorities s intercession in the economic system ; the quality of service that local authorities provide to foreign houses ; lessening policies for domestic houses ; duty barrier of non-tariff barrier from finish state ; the instruction of the work force, the wellness of the state and Economic The economic system in Germany ; the growing rate of German economic system ; involvement rate ; rising prices rate ; domestic rivals. Global fiscal crisis ; Overseas economic growing ; the construction of local economic system ; the quality of the substructure of the economic system such as the transit and electrical system ; degree of national income ; involvement rate ; exchange rate ; rising prices rate ; Market demand and sections for Siemens merchandises ; local and international rivals. Social Structure and size of population ; Structure and size of population ; Availability of local human resources ; Migration flows ; civilization differences ; trade name image of Siemens in finish state Technological New engineerings related with Siemens concern in German ; any engineering that could cut down cost, better quality or service and assist selling such as online engineering. International technological discoveries ; New engineerings related with Siemens concern in German ; advantages and disadvantages of Siemens engineerings when compared with international rivals ; any engineering that could cut down cost, better quality or service and assist selling such as online engineering. Environmental Weather and clime in German ; hardware such as land available for Siemens concern Global clime alteration ; weather and clime in finish state ; natural environment ; Legal Environment ordinance ; related Torahs in German. Related international and local Torahs and ordinances. Political Political factors ever have great impact over the maco-environment in which the concern tallies, so muti-national companies need to make research on political environment before their international selling planning. Siemens is making good in measuring political hazard before it enters a new market. If necessary, a study sing the political hazards demands to be completed before its international selling ( Bell, 2001 ) . Economic The economic state of affairs in finish states, the impact of currency fluctuations on exchange rates, the development of local market, the local market construction ( Barney, 1996 ) , the local human resources and the sensitivity of local consumers are all really of import issues for Siemens to see ( Bierly,1996 ) . The planetary economic system merely experienced the fiscal crisis ; although Siemens got a steady fiscal public presentation for a batch of old ages before the fiscal crisis, Siemens concern in most states still experienced a downswing. Another job is that, together with the fiscal crisis is the tightened recognition system for Siemens, which brought a batch of problem to its concern. The high spot is that some new markets such as the China market are still turning fast and these new markets provide good chances for Siemens gross coevals. Social The cultural difference is frequently a tough job that all the muti-national companies have met with ( Choi, 2000 ) . Culture, faith and society are of great importance to us. Will and how the local cultural differences affect Siemens concern should besides be evaluated. .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 , .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .postImageUrl , .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 , .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728:hover , .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728:visited , .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728:active { border:0!important; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728:active , .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728 .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0c6cd262f06441470a97120be9873728:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ap Literature East Of Eden EssayOne of Siemens schemes is Diversity as a factor of success. Siemens is advancing diverseness in the direction ranks of the company to a greater grade than of all time before. Besides, the trade name image of Siemens is really good and besides means high quality by many buyers ( Davenport, et, 2002 ) , which is one of Siemens advantages from the societal position. Technological Mhos still have great technological advantages in its professional field such as electrical equipment. It is still keeping an advanced place in the international competition in this field. It besides has been viewed as a top pioneer in the Fieldss of mechanization, buoy uping, wellness attention and fire safety for a batch of old ages. Keeping technological advantages over its rivals has ever been its nucleus competence. However, its technological advantage is non that obvious in some market sections. For illustration, in some states where authoritiess are non willing to afford high cost of new equipments, some smaller companies gained advantages over Siemens. Some clients are more interested in solar energy, while Siemens is non making good in the solar energy field. On the contrary, smaller companies like First Solar ( FSLR ) are more feasible than Mhos and their engineering are cheaper. Environmental With increasing attending from all states in the universe on planetary heating and with greater environmental consciousness, environment is going a important issue for muti-national houses to see ( Michael, 2003 ) . The turning desire to protect the environment is holding a great impact the industry. More environmentally friendly merchandises and procedures are in pressing demand. All of these external factors can convey good concern chances for Siemens. Legal The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment ( WEEE ) Directive of the European Union ( EU ) makes manufacturers of electrical and electronic goods financially responsible for specified aggregation, recycling, intervention and disposal of past and future covered merchandises. The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2006, which implement most facets of the WEEE Directive, came into force in 2007 in most Europe states. Several merchandise divisions of Mhos are capable to the WEEE ordinance ( Hofee, 2003 ) . Porter s five forces As Mhos have several of import sectors, and the 5 forces analysis for each sector are pretty different. As one of the most of import divisions of Siemens, electrical equipment will be used as the research aim for Porter s five forces analysis here. Porter s five forces Degree of competition The grade of completion in this industry is pretty high and there are many large participants in this market Dickering power of clients The infinite for clients to deal is limited as the merchandises are extremely specialised and it hard for clients to happen comparable merchandises at lower monetary values Dickering power of providers Suppliers who supply natural stuffs or parts to industries have small bargaining power Menace of new entrants: As the equipment is of high engineering, in the early phase of this industry, the entrant barrier of this industry is high. Mhos and GE have dominated this industry for decennaries. Menace of replacements However, with the popularity of new energy engineerings, some little companies besides entered this market with lower-cost engineering and energy, so it is acquiring more and easier to happen a substituted in some limited field in a little graduated table. Degree of competition: In this industry, Siemens competes with large participants. GE has a strong market place in this industry, while ABB has great advantages in power coevals and transmittal. The figure of market participants in this field is large and the grade of competition is high ( Barney, 1995 ) . Dickering power of clients: In other industries, it is easy for companies to cut the monetary values as they compete for the same trades, which is less possible to go on in the industrial electrical equipment industry. These merchandises are of extremely specialized and professional engineerings, so clients find it is really hard for clients to buy merchandises of comparable quality at the same or even lower monetary values. Dickering power of providers: those companies that provide equipment parts and natural stuffs to these companies ever have small bargaining power. As the equipment parts and natural stuffs are easy to be found in the unfastened market, so the providers are easy to be replaced by other providers. Menace of new entrants: Mhos and GE have dominated this industry for a batch of old ages. To run with the large participants, a new company would necessitate a great trade of investing. The company needs to hold really good credibleness and connexions of both established houses and authoritiess. So the entrant barrier for this industry is high. Menace of replacements: some new engineerings from smaller companies, which focus on green energy, have posted menace to large companies that lacks a viing merchandise. In solar equipment, for illustration, some smaller companies are going more feasible as their engineering becomes cheaper, while solar companies may shortly hold the strength to vie with traditional power beginning on monetary value and public presentation, the menace from substitutes station force per unit area to supplier like Siemens. In drumhead, although the completion in this industry is ferocious, the entrant barrier for new entrants is high, what s more, both client and provider have limited bargaining power. The force per unit areas from little companies which focus on green energy maintain increasing as they have advantages on monetary value and cost. SWOT Analysis Strengths Failings Large company graduated table and market portion ; Strong trade name image ; It has a batch of divisions ; Steady fiscal public presentation. Strong R A ; D capablenesss Good at diverseness Less advanced in the low-priced new engineering Low in recognition evaluation Weak in internal control Depend upon third party service suppliers for bulk of its operational activities Opportunities Menaces Increasing demand for environment friendly merchandises Bankrupt of some local companies in other states Joint venture with other large playes New ordinance ; Completion from new and smaller rivals ; Ill-defined tendency of planetary economic system Strengths Siemens is a German technology pudding stone with considerable graduated table and market portion ; Siemens is a diversified group, with concern in information and communications, mechanization and control, power, transit, medical and lighting concerns. It have strong trade name image. The trade name of Siemens has good planetary market incursion. The trade name is ever connected with merchandises of high quality in a batch of markets. It has steady fiscal public presentation in recent old ages ( Dess, 2008 ) . Over the old ages, Siemens has delivered steady fiscal consequences. Siemens net net incomes have a similar tendency in recent old ages. Steady fiscal public presentation enables Siemens to pull off its operations good and besides better the fiscal flexibleness in the following a few old ages. Mhos is celebrated for its Strong R A ; D capablenesss, which is besides an of import factor for its concern success. Its research and development ( R A ; D ) investing keeps increasing in recent old ages ; the mean figure of employees engaged in R A ; D besides keeps increasing ( Grant, 2008 ) . The group s focal point in R A ; D facilitates development of new merchandises and sweetenings to bing merchandises aid in keeping its strong market place and functioning a new section of clients. .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da , .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .postImageUrl , .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da , .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da:hover , .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da:visited , .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da:active { border:0!important; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da:active , .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f7986c1a8b92b6f22950fced4be29da:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Death Penalty Essay AgainstThe planetary economic system needs diverseness. Siemens has given diversity a lasting topographic point in the corporate degree scheme. In Siemens civilization, in position of the deficit of extremely qualified people and demographic alterations, diverseness is a requirement for Siemens long-run success. Failing Siemens is less advanced in the low-priced new engineering. For illustration, smaller companies like First Solar ( FSLR ) are more feasible than Mhos as their engineering becomes cheaper, so Siemens now face the force per unit area from smaller companies. Mhos is low in recognition evaluation. Siemens s recognition evaluations were downgraded by some major planetary evaluation bureaus in the recent old ages, which is partially due to its capital construction ( Hungenberg, 2008 ) . In November 2007, Moody s Investors Service downgraded Siemens long-run corporate recognition evaluation from Aa3 to A1.Its finance is non good at bring forthing hard currency flow, hence, Siemens ability to obtain new support and investing from external investors may be negatively affected by its low recognition evaluation. Its internal controlling manner is non every bit effectual as expected. Some referees said Siemens revelation controls and processs have been non effectual due to material failing in its internal control. In the country of anti-corruption and fiscal study, Siemens got a batch of problem due to its failing in internal control. Mhos relied on 3rd party service organisations for most of its operational activities. It buys 3rd party services for fabrication, piecing and proving its merchandises, while these 3rd parties ever have sorts of tie ups with multiple companies. Any jobs from these 3rd parties could adversely impact the group s operations. Heavy dependance on 3rd party reduces the group s control over its operation and concern costs. The consistency of the merchandises could non be guaranteed, either. Opportunities During the fiscal crisis, a batch of little companies went insolvents, some companies are of great value to heighten Siemens competence. It is a good clip to purchase these companies with low cost. Ally with a strong participant is a good manner to portion the resource and heighten the competence of both companies. For illustration, joint venture is a good manner. Nokia and Siemens established a 50-50 joint venture in 2007. The joint venture is called Nokia Siemens Networks, which combined Nokia s webs concern and Siemens bearer related operations for fixed and nomadic webs. This joint venture is expected to supply important long term returns to both groups. As all the states are caring more about the environment, There is a increasing demand for environment friendly merchandises, which is related to several merchandises line of Siemens. Menaces The new ordinance of manufacturers of electrical and electronic goods financially responsible for specified aggregation, recycling, intervention and disposal of past and future covered merchandises post ample costs and liabilities to Siemens. Small companies are deriving market portion by their merchandises with lower monetary value, which make the competition more intense. The planetary economic system has non to the full recovered from the fiscal crisis, so the market has non to the full recovered, either. Besides, the recognition is still tight, and it is really hard for Siemens to acquire new support from external capital market. The strategic options from SWOT By the SWOT analysis, assorted strategic options could be draw from different positions: on one manus, Siemens could be advised to mean to beef up its advantage ; on the other manus, scheme of weakening its failing is besides a good pick. Besides, as for external analysis, Siemens need to seek to do best of the timeserving external environment offered. What s more, antagonizing the negative impact from external menace is a manner for Siemens to accomplish its success. Strengthened advantages Weakening the disadvantages Promote its company size Increase its market portion and maintain gross turning Restructure the organisation to do its division more diversified. Build even strong trade name image and make better in trade name market incursion by sensible public relation activities and selling publicities Update its R A ; D capablenesss to a even stronger phase so as to heighten its nucleus competency With steady fiscal public presentation, work hard on high RIO for interest holders. Take actions to do both its concern and organisational civilization more diversified to accommodate to the development of planetary economic system Develop new divisions in charge of new merchandises with lower-price to vie in the low-price and new energy market sections Better its gaining control construction, do more rigorous control in its finance procedure and make better in finance revelation The operational parts of Siemens need to be restructured to acquire better inner control, and procedure modeling of Siemens besides needs to be modified. Move some of the activities from 3rd parties into in house so that Siemens will non extremely rely on 3rd party suppliers Make best usage of chances Counteract on menace More investing on the R A ; D for the environment friendly and new energy merchandises Develop better populace relationship with local authorities Make sensible investing on some smaller companies which have been in insolvent Ally with some strong participants to portion the resources and cut down the hazards. Enhance its ability of defying the negative impact of fiscal crisis or economic fluctuation from planetary economic system Do better on the research of new ordinance and do readying every bit early as possible. By and large talking, every scheme has its cost and benefit, it is ever had to make an all unit of ammunition cost and benefit analysis for all the schemes listed supra. It will do Mhos expose to less hazard by the scheme of beef uping its advantages. What s more, as one of the market leaders in the industry, Siemens has advantages over its rivals in many facets and do best usage of market chances can ever assist a company to achieve a batch in a long tally. However, supporting schemes from its failing and external menace besides have particular significance for its success. Based on all the analysis, suggestions for Siemens scheme are as followers: Inner control It is advised that Siemens need to make some alterations to internal control so that it can make better in commanding internal information and direction ; the procedure modeling of Siemens besides needs to be modified. Transportation activities from 3rd parties it could reassign some of its outsourced activities into in-house so that it wo nt extremely trust on 3rd party suppliers, which bring a batch of hazard to Siemens ; Restructure the capital construction it need to curtail its gaining control construction so that it could upgrade its recognition evaluation, which help it acquire steady support in the low tally ; for external competition. Found new divisions for new merchandises Found new R A ; D divisions to research new merchandises aimed on the low-price engineering and new energy market cleavage to vie with some smaller company with low-price merchandises. Joint venture Joint venture with other strong participants is a good scheme to portion resources and bring forth gross with lower cost.

The Appeal to (Irrelevant) Authority (Logical Fallacy)

The Appeal to (Irrelevant) Authority (Logical Fallacy) The appeal to (false or irrelevant) authority  is a  fallacy in which a rhetor  (public speaker or writer) seeks to persuade an audience not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for the famous. Also known as ipse dixit and ad verecundiam, which means he himself said it and argument to modesty or respect respectively, appeals to authority rely entirely upon the trust the audience has as a speakers integrity and expertise on the matter at hand. As W.L. Reese puts it in Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, though, not every  appeal to authority  commits this fallacy, but every appeal to an authority with respect to matters outside his special province commits the fallacy. Essentially, what he means here is that although not all appeals to authority are fallacies, most are - especially by rhetors with no authority on the topic of discussion. The Art of Deception Manipulation of the general public has been a tool of politicians, religious leaders and marketing experts alike for centuries, utilizing appeal to authority often to support their causes with little to no evidence for doing so. Instead, these figureheads use the art of deception to leverage their fame and recognition as a means to validate their claims.   Have you ever wondered why actors like Luke Wilson endorse ATT as Americas largest wireless phone coverage provider or why Jennifer Aniston appears in Aveeno skincare commercials to say its the best product on the shelves? Marketing firms often hire the most famous A-list celebrities to promote their products for the sole purpose of using their appeal to authority to convince their fans that the product they endorse is worth buying. As Seth Stevenson posits in his 2009 Slate article Indie Sweethearts Pitching Products, Luke Wilsons role in these ATT ads is straight-up spokesman - the [ads] are horribly misleading. The Political Con Game As a result, it is important for audiences and consumers, especially in the political spectrum, to be doubly aware of the logical fallacy of merely trusting someone on their appeal to authority. In order to discern truth in these situations, the first step, then, would be to determine what level of expertise the rhetor has in the field of conversation.   For instance, the 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump, often cites no evidence in his tweets condemning everyone from political opponents and celebrities to supposed illegal voters in the general election. On November 27, 2016, he famously tweeted In addition to winning the Electoral College in a landslide, I won the popular vote if you deduct the millions of people who voted illegally. However, no evidence exists that verify this claim, which only sought to alter public opinion of his opponent Hillary Clintons 3,000,000-vote lead over him in the popular vote count of the 2016 U.S. election, calling her victory illegitimate.   Questioning Expertise This is certainly not unique to Trump - in fact, a large majority of politicians, especially while in public forums and on-the-spot television interviews, use an appeal to authority when facts and evidence are not readily available. Even criminals on trial will use this tactic to attempt to appeal to the empathetic human nature of the jury in order to sway their opinion despite contradictory evidence.   As Joel Rudinow and Vincent E. Barry put it in the 6th edition of Invitation to Critical Thinking, no one is an expert on everything, and therefore no one can be trusted on their appeal to authority every time. The pair comment that whenever an appeal to authority is introduced, it is wise to be aware of the area of expertise of any given authority - and to be mindful of the relevance of that particular area of expertise to the issue under discussion. Essentially, in every case of appeals to authority, be mindful of those tricky appeals to irrelevant authority - just because the speaker is famous, doesnt mean he or she knows anything real about what theyre saying.

A part of case report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A part of case report - Essay Example It proceeded to establish a close relationship with the different game developers with it as the dominant partner. Nintendo controlled the operating system; issued licenses to game developers and producers of games software, and; controlled the manufacture and distribution of game cartridges and imposed royalty. The result was that it raked in most of the potential profit of the whole system although consumer value originally lay in the software (Grant 1104-1105). With the recent release of Nintendo’s latest video game console, the Wii, it was able to maintain its contending position in the industry through the use of reverse positioning strategy, taking advantage, in effect of the rush to outdo competitors through the use of newest state-of-the-art micro-components. This strategy took into consideration the disruptive forces brought about by new technology that changed the video game console industry value driver of profitability: as newer, cutting-edge game console microchips were invented, older ones became passà © and their prices rapidly dropped. Nintendo took an opposing approach by using instead older chips to minimize production costs. The result allows the company to sell at a much lower price per unit than its main competitors and higher profitability return for each of the Wii sold. On the other hand, its competitors Sony (for PS3) and Microsoft (for Xbox 360) which tried to outdo each other by using state-of-the-art chips both lost money (Afuah 215). The success of the Wii launch is underpinned by the bargaining power of buyers that is naturally inclined to lower-priced products which also offer competitive quality. With the launch of the Microsoft Xbox 360 in late 2005, the Nintendo Wii in late 2006 and the Sony PS3 in early 2007, it is evident that a perceptible change in the competitive dynamics of the industry is taking shape. In the past, the winner-take-all characteristic of the video game industry had been shown with the domination of